Smoke rose over the Wyoming Valley. Settlers fled. Boys were forced to grow up in an instant. In the violent borderlands of colonial America, why did overlapping charters, collapsing authority, and unchecked terror turn neighbors into enemies—and children into captives? Read this week’s Carosa Commentary, “Jasper Parrish and the Terror at Civilization’s Edge,” to uncover how the Wyoming Massacre revealed what happens when parchment fails before the shooting starts.

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